Control of Gene Expression

Substitution – a base is swapped for another during replication of the DNA

Deletion – loss of a nucleotide, causing a frame shift. Almost always results in a dysfunctional protein
Addition of Bases – an extra base could be added to the sequence. This results in a frame shift, like with deletion, and almost always results in the protein being dysfunctional
Duplication of Bases – 1+ bases are repeated, resulting in a frame shift.
Inversion of Bases – a section of bases become separated from the DNA strand but re-join at the same point in the opposite order. This impacts the amino acid sequence
Translocation of Bases – a group of bases on one chromosome become detached and re-join on another chromosome. Can result in cancers forming, or in infertility